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Showing posts with label american. Show all posts
Showing posts with label american. Show all posts

Wednesday, June 28, 2017

American Odyssey Relay

American Odyssey Relay



Nine days.

Thats the countdown until team "Bloggin and Joggin" will be taking on the American Odyssey Relay. Ive mentioned that Im participating in this race a few times over the past few months and I cant believe its finally here! Our team of 12 bloggers will be running a 200 mile course from Gettysburg, PA to Washington, DC. Well each be running three legs of the relay over the course of about 36 hours from May 1-2. Ill be running a total of about 17 miles...thats like a three-quarter marathon, people! Craziness.

{NYC Running Mama}
I couldnt be more excited to be joining this awesome group of ladies in two sweaty SUVs for two days:


Cassie (Primitive & Proper)
Megan (Rhapsody in Rooms)
Paula (Sweet Pea), Vidya (Whats Ur Home Story)
Sarah (The Thriftress)
Jessica D (Dear Emmeline)
Becki (Infarrantly Creative)
Heather (The Heathered Nest)
Karah (The Space Between)
Jessica H (Pace of Me)
Alexis (Flecks of Lex)


Weve all been training hard for the past bunch of months, so itll be fun to see all of our hard work pay off. These ladies are the absolute best, and its already been so great to be a part of this group! Having their accountability has been key to my training especially during the awful, terrible winter months. Ive been running longer distances and faster than ever before and I attribute that to them :). Ive never loved running, but training for something like this race has slowly made me come to like it, and on the really good days, even love it. When I first started running consistently seven years ago, it was hard for me to break a 10 minute mile, and Ive broken 8 minute miles several times during my training...on my long runs! I honestly never thought Id be able to say that.

{Fit Girls Diary}

Want to follow along with our team during the race? #teamblogginjoggin will be your ticket :). Well all be all over social media May 1 and 2. (Follow me on Instagram or Twitter for updates!)

I also cant forget to mention our amazing sponsors that are helping make this race possible for us! THANK YOU THANK YOU to the following companies:

Purebond
Kreg Tool
DLawless Hardware
Design Your Wall
Hometalk
GMC
Sweet Clover
Milestone Pond
Southern Landscapes
Modern Masters
Rehab Associates
HomeRight
Muscles and Lungs Crossfit Aruba
Bailey Sign
Health Warrior
SIX:02

All of my Bloggin and Joggin teammates all be writing recap posts the week after the race, so this wont be the last youll hear about it. Cant wait for May 1st!


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Tuesday, June 27, 2017

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Monday, June 26, 2017

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Thursday, June 22, 2017

American Factfinder Statistically Significant Thematic Maps

American Factfinder Statistically Significant Thematic Maps


Sming (2014)

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Monday, June 19, 2017

American Pastoral Movie

American Pastoral Movie


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Seymour Swede Levov (Ewan McGregor) is a once legendary high school athlete who is now a successful businessman married to Dawn (Jennifer Connelly), a former beauty queen. When his beloved teenage daughter (Dakota Fanning) disappears after being accused of committing a violent act, Swede dedicates himself to finding her and reuniting his family. What he discovers shakes him to the core, forcing him to look beneath the surface and confront the chaos that is shaping the world around him.

Initial release: October 21, 2016 (USA)

Director: Ewan McGregor

Screenplay: John Romano

Music director: Alexandre Desplat

Production company: Lakeshore Entertainment


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Monday, June 12, 2017

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Length: 163 minutes 
Language: English

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Saturday, June 10, 2017

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Country : USA

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Saturday, June 3, 2017

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Wednesday, May 24, 2017

american flag pie

american flag pie



By the time you read this, I will have hopefully left San Francisco and arrived in New York City (just in time for 4th of July and Erlend's birthday weekend!) safe and sound. I don't dispense a lot of life advice, but I will say this: don't decide to move across the country during a holiday weekend. Just don't.


On a less serious note, Happy 4th of July weekend! I hope everybody's gearing up for an awesome barbecue and other summery things of that sort. Live it up for me, okay? Because I'll be sitting in Erlend's parent's apartment unpacking boxes of clothes and kitchenware. Although I'm extremely happy to be reunited with Erlend, but I've moved enough times to know that unpacking doesn't make for the most festive weekend. My only official 4th of July celebration will be this cherry and blueberry American flag pie:


Like almost all the recipes that have been on this blog in the last few weeks, this pie is a direct result of the leftovers in my San Francisco refrigerator. But it turns out cherries and blueberries are frequently used together in desserts as they come into season together. So no weird combinations like the pineapple, peach, and paprika pie I was trying to make happen last time — just summer berries in my favorite all-butter pie crust (wait — sincere question: is cherry actually a berry?). It's about the most classic American dessert I've ever made, and it's perfect for celebrating America's Independence Day.

Happy 4th of July, folks!


featured:
gold pie server || red and white linen || bread and butter plate

Some baker's notes:
  • In case you need a visual on how to make build the American flag design, check out this awesome step-by-step tutorial! It also helps to have a pastry wheel (or a pizza wheel — let's be honest, they're basically the same thing) and ruler to ensure even stripes. 

  • The color contrast between the blueberries and cherries didn't turn out to be as vibrant as I'd hoped — turns out they bleed into the same color when baked. If you want more of a red and blue contrast, I recommend using strawberries instead of cherries! You can also always use food coloring or canned pie filling, but I might die a little bit if you do the latter. It's berry season; take advantage of it! 
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Tuesday, May 16, 2017

American Cinema Editors Logo

American Cinema Editors Logo


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Thursday, May 4, 2017

Akın Ünver’den ‘Ideology Political Agenda and Conflict A Comparison of American European and Turkish Legislatures’ Discourses on Kurdish Question’

Akın Ünver’den ‘Ideology Political Agenda and Conflict A Comparison of American European and Turkish Legislatures’ Discourses on Kurdish Question’



Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ak?n Ünver (1982-)[1], Kadir Has Üniversitesi Uluslararas? ?li?kiler bölümünde ö?retim üyesi olarak çal??an yurtd??? tecrübeli genç bir Türk sosyal bilimcidir. Ünver’in 2017 Ocak tarihli All Azimuth dergisinden yay?nlanan makalesi “Ideology, Political Agenda, and Conflict: A Comparison of American, European, and Turkish Legislatures’ Discourses on Kurdish Question” (?deoloji, Siyasi Gündem ve Çat??ma: Amerikan, Avrupa ve Türk Yasama Meclislerinde Kürt Sorusu Söylemlerinin Kar??la?t?r?lmas?)[2] adl? makalesi, Kürt Sorunu konusunda son dönemde yaz?lan ilginç bir çal??ma olarak dikkat çekmektedir. Bu yaz?da, bu makale özetlenecektir.

Ak?n Ünver

Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ak?n Ünver’e göre; Türkiye’de hakk?nda pek çok ?ey yaz?lmas?na kar??n, Kürt Sorunu veya Kürt Sorusu hakk?nda söylemlere dayal? linguistik çal??malar yok denecek kadar azd?r. Bu nedenle, yazar, bu makalesinde, birbirlerini tamamlay?c? olarak dü?ündü?ü nicel ve nitel baz? ara?t?rma yöntemleri kullanarak, Kürt Sorunu’nu söylem analizi metodolojisiyle incelemek ve bu alanda geli?tirilen söylemlerden yola ç?karak, ABD, Avrupa ve Türkiye’deki yasama organlar?n?n farkl? bak?? aç?lar?n? ortaya koymak istemektedir. Yazar?n temel hipotezi ise ?u ?ekildedir; muhafazakâr-sa? politikac?lar Kürt Sorunu’nu daha çok bir güvenlik ve terörizm olgusu olarak söylemlerine yans?tmakta ve buna uygun politikalar geli?tirmektedirler. Liberal siyasetçilerse, bu sorunu daha çok insan haklar? ve demokrasi eksikli?i perspektifinde ele almakta ve bu söyleme uygun çözüm önerileri geli?tirmektedirler. Yazar, bu ara?t?rmas?n? yürütebilmek için, Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi (TBMM), Avrupa Parlamentosu (AP) ve ABD Kongresi’ndeki (Senato ve Temsilciler Meclisi) ar?ivlerden buldu?u A?ustos 1990-?ubat 1999 dönemindeki tutanaklar?, ara?t?rmas?n?n hammaddesi olarak kullanm??t?r. Yazara göre; Kürt Sorunu’nun çözülebilmesinin önündeki en büyük engel, Türk yasama meclisi ve genel olarak Türkiye siyasetinde, bu konunun salt bir güvenlik ve terörizm konusu gibi ele al?nmas?d?r.

Yazar, detayl? metodolojik aç?klamas? ve örneklemesi ard?ndan, çal??mas?n?n sonuçlar?n? özetlemektedir. Ara?t?rman?n temel bulgular?, üç farkl? ara?t?rma ünitesinde (Avrupa Parlamentosu, ABD Kongresi, TBMM) ?öyle özetlenebilir:

Avrupa Parlamentosu
  • Avrupa Parlamentosu’nda, belirtilen dönemde (1990-1999), Kürt Sorunu’na 563 defa do?rudan referans yap?lm??t?r. Bu soruna en çok referans yapan ülke milletvekilleri ?öyle s?ralanm??t?r: Almanya (% 19,89), Yunanistan (% 19,71), Birle?ik Krall?k (% 12,61), Fransa (% 11,19), Hollanda (% 10,65). Tüm di?er ülkeler ise % 25,95 düzeyindedir. Almanya özelinde, bu konuyu hayat?n?n en temel siyasi meselesi haline getiren ve yo?un referanslar?yla ülkesini listede üst s?ralara ç?karan milletvekili Claudia Roth’dan da özel olarak bahsetmek gerekir.
  • Avrupa Parlamentosu’nda Kürt Sorunu konusunda milletvekilleri en çok konu?an ülkeler, Kürt nüfusu daha fazla olan ülkelerdir. Dolay?s?yla, bu konuda Kürt diyasporas?n?n etkisinden ve iç siyasi kayg?lardan söz etmek yerindedir diye dü?ünülebilir. Nitekim 1995 y?l? tahminleri dikkate al?n?rsa, Almanya’da 600.000, Fransa’da 100.000, Hollanda’da 70.000 civar?nda Kürt nüfus ya?amaktad?r. Ancak bu hipotez, çok az Kürt nüfus bar?nd?ran Yunanistan ve Birle?ik Krall?k gibi ülkelerin üst s?ralardaki konumunu aç?klamakta yetersiz kalmaktad?r. Nitekim Kürt nüfus oranlar?na göre milletvekili referanslar?n?n s?kl??? aç?s?ndan bir s?ralama yap?l?rsa, Kürt Sorunu’na en fazla vurgu yapan ülkeler ?talya, Yunanistan ve Birle?ik Krall?k olarak s?ralanmakta ve Almanya ve Fransa gibi ülkeler çok gerilerde kalmaktad?r. Dolay?s?yla, bu hipotez, ara?t?rma sonucunda do?rulanmamaktad?r; Kürt nüfusun yo?unlu?u, Kürt Sorunu referans? konusunda do?rudan bir etken gibi gözükmemektedir.
  • Bir di?er hipotez ise ?u ?ekildedir: Avrupa Parlamentosu’nda Kürt Sorunu’na en fazla referans yapan ülkeler, daha fazla sandalyesi olan ülkelerdir. Hakikaten de, AP içerisinde çok say?da sandalyesi olan Almanya, Fransa ve Birle?ik Krall?k gibi ülkeler toplam referans say?s?nda ilk s?ralarda yer almaktad?rlar. Buna kar??n, milletvekili say?lar? ile bir oranlama yap?l?rsa, ilk s?rada yer alan ülke yine Yunanistan’d?r. Yunanistan’?, Hollanda, Belçika, Almanya ve ?sveç takip etmektedir. Dolay?s?yla, bu hipotez de tam olarak do?ru kabul edilemez.
  • Bir di?er önemli bulgu ise ?öyledir; Yunanistan, PKK ?iddetini ele?tirmek konusunda da en pasif ülke konumundad?r. Yunan vekiller, bu konuyu sadece insan haklar? ve demokratikle?me ba?lam?nda ele al?rken, 1990’l? y?llar boyunca PKK terörizmini yaln?zca bir defa ele?tirmi?lerdir. Buna kar??n, di?er AP üyesi ülkelerin milletvekilleri, PKK terörünü Türkiye’ye yönelik ele?tirilerinden daha yo?un olarak ele?tirmi?lerdir. Bu ba?lamda, Türkiye ile d?? politika sorunlar? (K?br?s, Ege vs.) olan Yunanistan’?n, bu konuyu daha çok bir vas?ta olarak kulland???ndan söz edilebilir. Konuyu demokratikle?me ve insan haklar? ba?lam?nda en yo?un ele alan ülke ise Almanya’d?r.
  • ?deolojik aç?dan bir tasnif yap?ld???nda; AP içerisinde Sosyalist Grup (PSE) bu konuda en aktif (% 31,53) siyasi yap? olarak dikkat çekerken, Birle?ik Sol-Nordik Solu (GUE-NGL) da bir di?er aktif gruptur (% 23,24). Dolay?s?yla, AP’de Kürt Sorunu’na daha çok solcu grup ve milletvekilleri sahip ç?kmaktad?r. Di?er gruplar ise ?öyle s?ralanmaktad?r: Ye?iller-Greens % 13,69, Liberaller-ALDE % 12,61, H?ristiyan Demokratlar-EPP % 11,35 ve Ba??ms?z Grup % 7,56. Bu ba?lamda, Kürt Sorunu’nu ideolojik olarak sol yelpazede yer alan gruplar?n daha fazla önemsedi?i ve bu konuyu demokratikle?me ve insan haklar? perspektifinde ele ald?klar? somut bir gerçektir. AP içerisindeki sa? görü?lü grup ve vekiller ise, Türk Devleti gibi, konuyu daha çok güvenlikle?tirme e?ilimindedirler.
ABD Kongresi
  • ABD Kongresi’nde, Temsilciler Meclisi (380), Senato’ya (203) k?yasla Kürt Sorunu’nun daha yo?un ?ekilde ele al?nd??? bir ortam olarak dikkat çekmektedir. Ayr?ca her iki mecliste de, Demokratlar (Temsilciler Meclisi: 207, Senato: 186, Toplam: 393) Cumhuriyetçilere k?yasla (Temsilciler Meclisi: 173, Senato: 17, Toplam: 190) Kürt Sorunu’na çok daha yo?un ?ekilde e?ilmektedir. Ancak Demokratlar için, Almanya’daki Claudia Roth’a benzer ?ekilde, Senatör Dennis DeConcini’ye özel bir parantez açmak gerekir. Zira De Concini, partisi ad?na bu konuda sorumlulu?u adeta tek ba??na üstlenmi? ve Kürt Sorunu konusunda Senato’daki söylemlerin yar?s?ndan ço?unu bizzat kendisi üretmi?tir.
  • ABD Kongresi’nde, Demokratlar bu konuyu daha çok bir insan haklar? ve demokratikle?me perspektifinde ele al?rken, Cumhuriyetçiler konuyu güvenlik ba?lam?nda ele almaya daha yatk?nd?rlar. Buna kar??n, DeConcini örne?inin de gösterdi?i üzere, bu konuyu kabaca partisel ba?lamda ele almak tam anlam?yla do?ru olmaz; zira ABD’li Senatör ve Temsilcilerin ki?isel görü? ve e?ilimleri, bu alanda parti aidiyetlerine k?yasla çok daha bask?n bir faktördür.
  • Bir di?er ilginç bulgu, Kürt Sorunu konusunda ele?tirel söylem üreten Amerikal? siyasetçilerin, ayn? zamanda ?nsan Haklar?, Ermeni ya da Yunan-Hellenik meclis gruplar?na üyelikleridir. Nitekim birçok Amerikal? siyasetçi, Kürt Sorunu’nda Türkiye’ye yönelik ele?tirel söylem üretirken, ayn? zamanda bu gruplardan birine de üyedirler. Ayr?ca Senatör ya da Temsilcilerin seçildikleri seçim bölgesindeki nüfus da??l?m? da, söylemlerinin ?ekillenmesinde son derece etkili bir unsurdur.
  • Kongre’de Kürt Sorunu konusunda üretilen söylemlere bak?ld???nda; en çok kullan?lan söylemin Türk devletinin “a??r? güç kullan?m?” oldu?u görülmektedir. Bu söylemde, güvenlik güçlerinin terörist ve sivil halk? ayr??t?rmamas?na yönelik ele?tirel bir duru? söz konusudur. Bunun yan?nda, o dönemde Türkiye’nin silahlar?n?n yüzde 80’ini ABD’den sat?n almas?n?n da etkisiyle, Kongrede Demokrat Ba?kan Bill Clinton’a yönelik son derece ele?tirel yakla??mlar da söz konusu olmu?tur.
TBMM
  • 1990-1999 döneminde TBMM’deki partiler aç?s?ndan Kürt Sorunu’na en yo?un referans yapma konusunda bir s?ralama yap?ld???nda; ilginç bir ?ekilde ?slamc? Refah Partisi’nin (RP) bu konuyu en çok gündeme getiren parti oldu?u (273) görülmektedir. Refah Partisi’ni sosyal demokrat CHP-SHP (219) ve liberal-merkez sa? ANAP (212) takip etmektedirler. Bir di?er merkez sa? parti olan DYP vekilleri bu konuya 120 defa referans yaparken, Bülent Ecevit’in merkez sol DSP’si yaln?zca 74, milliyetçi sa? MHP milletvekilleri ise yaln?zca 29 defa Kürt Sorunu’na de?inmi?lerdir. Milletvekilleri say?s?na göre bir ortalama yap?ld???ndaysa, ilk s?ray? CHP-SHP almakta, onu RP, ANAP, DSP, DYP ve MHP takip etmektedir. Dolay?s?yla, Kürt Sorunu, bu dönemde daha çok sol ve ?slamc? siyasetin ana gündem maddesi olmu?tur denilebilir.
  • Konuya seçim bölgeleri ve ola?anüstü hâl alt?nda ya?ayan bir bölgenin vekili olmak/olmamak aç?s?ndan yakla??ld???ndaysa, ?öyle bir hipotez kar??m?za ç?kmaktad?r: ola?anüstü hal bölgelerinden seçilen milletvekilleri konuyu farkl? odak noktalar?ndan (insan haklar?, demokratikle?me, güvenlik, yabanc? ülke deste?i, ekonomik azgeli?mi?lik) ele al?rken, ola?anüstü hal ilan edilmemi? bölgeleri temsil eden vekiller, konuyu daha çok yabanc? ülke deste?i ve güvenlik perspektifinden de?erlendirme e?ilimindedirler.
  • Kürt Sorunu konusunda TBMM’de liberal-sol ve devletçi-sa? perspektifler aras?nda bir ayr??ma görülmektedir. Liberal görü?, bu sorunu ifade özgürlü?ü ve az?nl?k haklar? ba?lam?nda ele almaya yatk?nken, devletçi görü? mensuplar?, genellikle Türk milleti tan?m?n?n kapsay?c?l??? ve vatanda?lar?n e?itli?i perspektifinde de?erlendirmeler yapm??lard?r. Bu noktada, devletçi-sa? görü?, Avrupa modernle?mesine 20. yüzy?l ba?lar?nda hâkim olan ulus-devlet temelli anlay??? benimserken, sol-liberal görü?, ça?da? demokrasi e?iliminden beslenmektedir.
Sonuç olarak, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ak?n Ünver’in bu makalesi, literatüre özgün bir katk? olarak de?erlendirilmelidir. Ancak konunun salt parlamentolar içerisindeki söylemler düzeyinde ele al?nmas?, jeopolitik mücadeleleri ve devletler aras?ndaki rekabeti anlamakta yetersiz kalabilecektir. Bu nedenle, bu ara?t?rma, bu konunun sadece bir parças? olarak de?erlendirilmeli ve di?er alanlara da bak?lmal?d?r.


Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ozan ÖRMEC?


[1] Üniversite sayfas? için bak?n?z; http://www.khas.edu.tr/cv/2317. Ki?isel web sitesi için; http://www.akinunver.com/scholar/.
Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak%C4%B1n_%C3%9Cnver
[2] Buradan okunabilir; https://www.academia.edu/30732450/Ideology_Political_Agenda_and_Conflict_A_Comparison_of_American_European_and_Turkish_Legislatures_Discourses_on_Kurdish_Question.


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Friday, April 21, 2017

Another American Crime

Another American Crime


The Baker-Hamilton report said that unless the Iraqi government made "substantive progress" on national reconciliation, security, and good governance, the US would have to reduce its political, military, and economic support to that government.
The Kurds were displeased with the report, which recommended that the central government supervise the "distribution" of the oil revenues. Shiites disliked the fact that the report urged dialogue with Baathists and blamed the militia for massacres. And Sunnis were annoyed because the report gave Iran a legitimate role in Iraq.
The strange thing is that those Iraqi officials who often say that Iraq is a sovereign country are the same ones who want the occupation forces to stay in the country. Where is the sovereignty when the US forces killed 17 civilians in Al-Ishaqi, 40 km north of Baghdad, one day after the report? Those who reject the report do so because it conflicts with their own interests. The Kurds, for example, want to annex Kirkuk to their areas -- and the militia leaders want to maintain their grip over the country.
In a telephone conversation, Dr Ayadah Al-Jaghifi, chief of forensic medicine at Tikrit Hospital, told the repoeters that the hospital has received the bodies of 17 people, including two women and five children. All had been killed with a bullet to the head with a small weapon. A US statement earlier claimed that US planes shelled two houses in Al-Ishaqi, killing 17 terrorists, including two women. This would be the third massacre of Iraqi civilians in Al-Ishaqi since May. The families of the victims are stunned by the silence of the government and the Arab and international media. But some are hoping against hope that a US serviceman would speak out to clear his conscience or that a US or western journalist would pick up the story. Otherwise, the case would never be investigated.
Untill that day, when such journslist would publish the story; the Maliki government will stay silence; Bush will say nothing; no invistigations would be.. The victims were IRAQIS; who does care about IRAQIS or of IRAQI blood.

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Sunday, April 2, 2017

American Beauty Full Movie

American Beauty Full Movie


A sexually frustrated suburban father has a mid-life crisis after becoming infatuated with his daughters best friend.

Director:Sam Mendes

Writer:Alan Ball

Stars:Kevin Spacey, Annette Bening, Thora Birch |See full cast & crew » 

 

 

Movie Storyline

Lester and Carolyn Burnham are, on the outside, a perfect husband and wife in a perfect house in a perfect neighborhood. But inside, Lester is slipping deeper and deeper into a hopeless depression. He finally snaps when he becomes infatuated with one of his daughters friends. Meanwhile, his daughter Jane is developing a happy friendship with a shy boy-next-door named Ricky, who lives with an abusive father. Written by Jessie Skinner <

User Reviews

 
An Oscar well deserved.
29 May 2000 | by (Ontario, Canada) – See all my reviews
This film is one of a kind. After seeing this film last week, I was left with a hole in the pit of my stomach. It left many questions in my mind, and most of them cannot be answered. In my view, a film that makes me think after I watch it is second-to-none, and this film certainly delivers in that aspect.

I was amazed with the vivid imagery in this movie, as well as with the symbolism. However, what makes this film the best of 1999 is the acting. Kevin Spacey shines as Lester Burnham, and Annette Bening (Carolyn Burnham) isnt far behind. Supporting cast members such as Wes Bentley (Ricky Fitts), Thora Birch (Jane Burnham), Mena Suvari (Angela Hayes), and Chris Cooper (Col. Frank Fitts) only add to the drama of this film. I think the most special aspect of this film is how all of the characters intertwine in a way that is believable, yet fantastic at the same time. I congratulate Sam Mendes for his direction of this film, as well as Alan Ball for writing it. I dont think it could have been any better.

Rated R in the U.S. for strong sexuality, language, drug content, and violence, the film obviously deserves its rating. However, none of the causes for the R rating are overbearing, and all of them add to the plot-line of this film. While I dont think that this is a film for children, I would suggest that adults should view it with an open mind. I believe that the traits which many of the characters in this film have are found in many people around the world. Perhaps that is why this film hits close to home for so many viewers.

While billed by some as a "comedy-drama", I dont see anything about this film as funny. Sure, there are some comedic moments, but by the end, those moments were all but forgotten when faced with the grim reality of the conclusion of the events portrayed in this film.

If you want to watch a light-hearted film with some elements of comedy and some elements of drama, dont see American Beauty. But if you enjoy films that make you think, and are entertained by an excellent cast, excellent directing, and an excellent screenplay, this film should be at the top of your list.
 

 


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American Exceptionalism and Its Effects on the American Foreign Policy

American Exceptionalism and Its Effects on the American Foreign Policy



Introduction
American exceptionalism is an important term in analyzing American foreign policy. According to many observers, exceptionalism feeling led to a Janus-faced identity for American foreign policy; isolationalist vs. interventionist-internationalist foreign policy traditions. However, Hilde Eliassen Restad thinks that the term “American exceptionalism” is not successful enough in explaining American foreign policy behaviour until today.[1]

American Exceptionalism: The History of the Term
The term “exceptional” was first used for the U.S. by French aristocrat Alexis de Tocqueville in his work Democracy in America. Visiting USA in 1830s, Tocqueville was impressed by the democratic procedures, meritocracy, social egalitarianism, individualism, commitment to rights and the lack of feudal past in US. Tocqueville noticed that, Protestant sects, by emphasizing individual’s personal relationship to God, also strengthened the spread of these ideals.
Uri Friedman thinks that all countries in the world have some belief and a kind of special nationalism that gives and boosts self-confidence to their nation and ruling elite, but in American case, this is patently universal or even messianic.[2] Strangely, the term was also used by Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin in a pejorative way. Today, the term is experiencing a resurgence in an age of anxiety about American decline. Some examples of statements about American exceptionalism (in chronological order);
  • “There is but a single specialty with us, only one thing that can be called by the wide name ‘American.’ That is the national devotion to ice-water.… I suppose we do stand alone in having a drink that nobody likes but ourselves.” - Mark Twain (1898)
  • U.S. President Woodrow Wilson infuses Paine’s notion of the United States as a bastion of freedom with missionary zeal, arguing that what makes America unique is its duty to spread liberty abroad. “I want you to take these great engines of force out onto the seas like adventurers enlisted for the elevation of the spirit of the human race,” Wilson tells U.S. Naval Academy graduates. “For that is the only distinction that America has.” (1914)
  • Coining a new term, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin condemns the “heresy of American exceptionalism” while expelling American communist leader Jay Lovestone and his followers from the Communist International for arguing that U.S. capitalism constitutes an exception to Marxism’s universal laws. Within a year, the Communist Party USA has adopted Stalin’s disparaging term. “The storm of the economic crisis in the United States blew down the house of cards of American exceptionalism,” the party declares, gloating about the Great Depression. (1929)
  • Echoing Wilson, magazine publisher Henry Luce urgesthe United States to enter World War II and exchange isolationism for an “American century” in which it acts as the “powerhouse” of those ideals that are “especially American”. (1941)
  • A group of American historians — including Daniel Boorstin, Louis Hartz, Richard Hofstadter, and David Potter— argues that the United States forged a “consensus” of liberal values over time that enabled it to sidestep movements such as fascism and socialism. But they question whether this unique national character can be reproduced elsewhere. As Boorstin writes, “nothing could be more un-American than to urge other countries to imitate America”. (1950s)
  • President John F. Kennedy suggests that America’s distinctiveness stems from its determination to exemplify and defend freedom all over the world. He invokes Winthrop’s “city upon a hill” and declares: “More than any other people on Earth, we bear burdens and accept risks unprecedented in their size and their duration, not for ourselves alone but for all who wish to be free”. (1961)
  • In a National Affairs essay, “The End of American Exceptionalism”, sociologist Daniel Bell gives voice to growing skepticism in academia about the concept in the wake of the Vietnam War and the Watergate scandal. “Today”, he writes, “the belief in American exceptionalism has vanished with the end of empire, the weakening of power, the loss of faith in the nation’s future”. (1975)
  • Ronald Reagan counters President Jimmy Carter’s rhetoric about a national “crisis of confidence” with paeans to American greatness during the presidential campaign. “I’ve always believed that this blessed land was set apart in a special way,” Reagan later explains. (1980)
  • The final days of the Cold War raise the prospect that the American model could become the norm, not the exception. “What we may be witnessing is not just the end of the Cold War” but the “end of history as such, that is … the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government”, political scientist Francis Fukuyama famously proclaims.
  • In a speech justifying NATO’s intervention in Bosnia, President Bill Clinton declares that “America remains the indispensable nation” and that “there are times when America, and only America, can make a difference between war and peace, between freedom and repression”. (1996)
  • American exceptionalism becomes a partisan talking point as future George W. Bush speechwriter Marc Thiessan, in a Weekly Standard article, contends that there are two competing visions of internationalism in the 21st century: the “‘global multilateralism’ of the Clinton-Gore Democrats” vs. the “‘American exceptionalism’ of the Reagan-Bush Republicans”. (2000)
  • “Like generations before us, we have a calling from beyond the stars to stand for freedom. This is the everlasting dream of America.” - George W. Bush (2004)
  • Amid skepticism about America’s global leadership, fueled by a disastrous war in Iraq and the global financial crisis, Democrat Barack Obama runs against Bush’s muscular “Freedom Agenda” in the election to succeed him. “I believe in American exceptionalism”, Obama says, but not one based on “our military prowess or our economic dominance”. Democratic pollster Mark Penn advises Hillary Clinton to target Obama’s “lack of American roots” in the primary by “explicitly own[ing] ‘American” in her campaign. (2007-2008)
  • As critical scholarship — such as Godfrey Hodgson’s The Myth of American Exceptionalism proliferates, Obama becomes the first sitting U.S. president to use the phrase “American exceptionalism” publicly. “I suspect that the Brits believe in British exceptionalism and the Greeks believe in Greek exceptionalism” — a line later much quoted by Republicans eager to prove his disdain for American uniqueness. (2009)
  • 80 percent of Americans believe the United States “has a unique character that makes it the greatest country in the world.” But only 58 percent think Obama agrees. — USA Today/Gallup poll (2010)
  • With the presidential race heating up, the phrase gets reduced to a shorthand for “who loves America more.” After making the “case for American greatness” in his 2010 book No Apology, GOP candidate Mitt Romney claims Obama believes “America’s just another nation with a flag”. The president, for his part, invokes Bill Clinton’s “indispensable nation” in his State of the Union address and later declares, in response to Republican critics, “My entire career has been a testimony to American exceptionalism” (2011-2012)

American Exceptionalism: Two Meanings
The term “American exceptionalism” is often used in two different contexts. First, in order to describe distinctiveness of American political and economic institutions. Second, in order to explain normative position of American state against European states avoiding class conflicts, revolutionary upheavals and authoritarian governments with its commitment to liberalism. The U.S., in this case, was a little bit better than its European cousins. The term exceptionalism, in that sense, also brings the notion of superiority. In the 19th century, some claimed that American exceptionalism was a “manifest destiny”, a God-given right for expansion and ruling.
Today, American exceptionalism in the sense of having a different political and economic system is a bit non-sense. Because all nations and countries are somehow different from each other. Thus, exceptionalism is often used to describe the superiority of American political system over the rest of the world. This reflects also a belief and an ideology in the superiority of American values. According to Hilde Eliassen Restad, American exceptionalism has always been an integral part of American national identity. Although national identities and its values can change over time rapidly, exceptionalism has always been around for U.S. national identity and history. This has some effects over American foreign policy as well.

Effects on American Foreign Policy         
American foreign policy and American exceptionalism are interconnected. However, here we have a dichotomy concerning the effect of exceptionalism over the foreign policy; “exemplary exceptionalism” vs. “missionary exceptionalism”. Exemplary exceptionalism is based on the idea that as a country away from the rest of the world -as the New World-, the U.S. should provide an example to the rest of the world without directly engaging in their matters. Missionary exceptionalism on the other hand, suggests that the U.S. should actively encourage and promote and even export its values of democracy and capitalism to the rest of the world. This dichotomy is the basis of different American foreign policy preferences. The exemplary model leads to isolationism (John Winthrop’s ‘City upon a Hill’ speech), whereas the missionary model often leads to internationalism and interventionism (Wilson Principles).
Some authors portray this relationship as cyclical, like a pendulum going towards one side to the other in time. However, it is a fact that until Pearl Harbor attacks, the US foreign policy was mostly isolationist, and after Pearl Harbor, it has been more interventionist and internationalist (unilateral internationalism). Exemplary identity was strengthened by Puritan settlers, although USA was not a promised land in the Biblical sense. Puritans, after their difficult exodus over seas, created an ideal of American Israel or American promised land in the new continent. Puritans were often pointed out responsible for American isolationism in the early years because they wanted to isolate U.S. from Europe. Being away from Europe also created this feeling of isolationism to American settlers. However, earlier settlers saw themselves as the pioneers of English civilization as well. So, they were spreading English civilization, not escaping from it.
Missionary identity on the other hand, was developed in time with the coming of millions of different settlers in addition to Britons to USA. This created a diversity and a chance for a new national identity to emerge. American nationalism was developed after American Revolution and Declaration of Independence and created its own myths different from British identity. By creating a nation on the basis of Enlightenment principles, American nationalism became universalistic over time. Its nationalism was civic, not ethnic and was inclusive, not exclusive. In Daniel Bell’s words, “America was an exempt nation that had been freed from the shackles of history”. The reason for this was that USA was born as modern, as a new nation in a new land away from the history. Thus, the defining characteristic of an American national identity was not really that it was a “nation of immigrants”, but rather, that it was “exceptional” in its blessings of liberty and republicanism. To become an American, one has also to accept the idea of American exceptionalism in addition to migrating there.
Today also the effects of American exceptionalism over the American domestic politics and American foreign policy is seen during the Presidential campaigns. It should be noted that all candidates are positioned somewhere between isolationism and interventionism and there is no pure approach. For instance, Democrat candidate Hillary Clinton can be considered as a hawkish compared to some Republican Presidents in the past. However, traditionally Republicans are known as interventionist and Democrats are as more pro-peace. Two parties’ methods of intervention are also different from each other. Republican Presidents (like the father Bush and his son) prefer land-based military operations whereas Democrat Presidents like Bill Clinton or Barack Obama use often limited military forces and organize bombings or operations to reach a goal. This could turn into disaster as in the case of Operation Eagle Claw during Jimmy Carter presidency or a great success like Bin Laden operation during Obama term.

US Foreign Policy: An Assessment
It is also a fact that since the country (USA) is itself a very young state, foreign policy preferences can change easily in time. Walter Russell Mead claims that U.S. diplomacy has been very successful in the early phases.[3] USA was the most advantageous state after the Napoleonic Wars as well as the First World War. European states were losing their power while the US was strengthening. The result of Second World War was also somehow the same. The US entered the war later, lost less blood in fighting and made greater gains than anybody else after the war. Soviet Russia began to control impoverished Eastern Europe but the US began to exert influence over the rich, intellectually most advanced and technologically more developed Western Europe. USA won the Cold War but also it diffused its language, culture and products worldwide. The US dollar became the international medium of finance. Thus, Europe should learn more from the US unlike the claims of some intellectuals claiming that the US should learn from Europe. With possible exceptions for Switzerland, Sweden and Vatican, the US has done better than anybody else in the 20th century.
The US foreign policy is unique in many ways. Others might have difficulty in understanding it because of its complex and dynamic structure. Some even say, “God has a special providence for drunks, fools and the USA”. During the Cold War, the American state created Cold War myths; a mixture of facts, interpretations and fiction, intended to meet the needs of the nation at this specific point in history. There were two elements in Cold War myths; one part about them, one part about USA. The part about them was that communism was a united global force engaged in imposing its vicious ideology in every point. This was not totally correct but it was needed to make American public ready for interventionist foreign policy. It was also useful for aligning with European states and pro-Western states close to Russia (e.g. Turkey). The myth about USA on the other hand was more accurate. It was about American intention to change largely isolationist foreign policy into an interventionist one. Until that time, American public did not know too much about the rest of the world. Isolated from the old continents, they had strange ideas about how foreign affairs work. The US was like a rich and beautiful girl educated in a strict convent, said the Cold Warriors, its past experience was of very little use in dealing with its new surroundings and situation. American people largely believed -in Kissinger’s words- that constant peace is normal condition and possible. However, if US wanted omelets, it has to break eggs. The mythmakers of the Cold War were successful because they buried isolationism.
Many valuable people served as American diplomats and Presidents in history. All achieved to tie the success of American foreign policy to the prosperity and happiness of the average American family. There have been some fundamental traditional concerns in US foreign policy:
  1. Freedom of the seas: From the early years, the US has considered the right of its citizens, goods and ships to travel freely in international waterways in times of peace and war to be vital national interest.
  2. Open Door: The second traditional concern was “open door”. It was and it is essential for USA and its firms to find markets and customers around the world in order to keep economic growth.
  3. Global Orientation: There is no ocean from which American commerce is willing to be excluded. US foreign policy was globally oriented.
Pro-democratic expansion helped USA a lot and increased the popularity of the US governments. However, this never meant US governments did not follow national interests. US Presidents and governments led to many wars, military operations and supported different groups against each other for national interests or international reasons.

Dr. Ozan ÖRMEC?

[1] See; Hilde Eliassen Restad (2011), “The Past in Political Science: American Exceptionalism and U.S. Foreign Policy”, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI), A paper presented to the ECPR conference, Reykjavik, Iceland, August 2011, http://ecpr.eu/filestore/paperproposal/b794a228-2972-4fc7-ae16-3b309e417416.pdf.
[2] See; Uri Friedman (2012), “American Exceptionalism: A Short History”, Foreign Policy, http://foreignpolicy.com/2012/06/18/american-exceptionalism-a-short-history/.
[3] See; Walter Russell Mead (1994), “The American Foreign Policy Tradition”, World Policy Journal, Winter 1994/1995, Vol. 11, No: 4, pp. 1-17.

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Tuesday, February 21, 2017

American Gangster 2007 BRRip Movie Online Free Vodlocker

American Gangster 2007 BRRip Movie Online Free Vodlocker


American Gangster 2007 BRRip Movie Online Free Vodlocker

Watch American Gangster 2007 BRRip Movie Online Vodlocker

In 1970s America, a detective works to bring down the drug empire of Frank Lucas, a heroin kingpin from Manhattan, who is smuggling the drug into the country from the Far East.

There are two sides to the American dream.

heroin,death,smuggling,vietnam,policeman,mafia,african american protagonist,firearm pointed at the camera,brooklyn new york city

Director: Ridley Scott
Release Date: 2 November 2007
Genres: Biography | Crime | Drama
Writers: Steven Zaillian, Mark Jacobson
Stars: Denzel Washington, Russell Crowe, Chiwetel Ejiofor

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Monday, February 6, 2017

American Girl

American Girl



Im still moderately crushed that they didnt unleash the glory of the respective downtown-based American Girl Places until I was far past the acceptable American Girl consuming age. I would have been all over that. I mean, tea parties? With your doll? Is there some sort of a sign up list somewhere? Because I would like to enlist myself immediately.

Just the other day, I was at the home of a family with young girls and found each one proudly toting a bona-fide American Girl doll. The jealousy reflex in me sprang forth, strong as ever. As much as I begged, my parents would never cave and purchase me a wildly expensive Samantha doll per my requests...er, demands. My friend had one complete with its own turn-of-the-century style miniature version of the rich person wire bed on which she slept. Granted, these young girls I encountered this week had the far inferior "Just Like Me" My Twinn-knockoff dolls complete with eerily identical features and customizations, but the jealousy reflex enacted nonetheless.

While American Girl may have started with the noblest of literacy and girl pride-minded intentions, the brand morphed into a major franchise of merchandise and self-proclaimed collectibles. I was an avid reader of the books, so imagine my delight as a child when the mailman saw fit to bring me my very own American Girl merchan dise catalog. If I had known what crack was at the time, this catalog would have become its mildly less addictive equivalent for my 10-year old self. I spent hours meticulously marking pages, indicating not only which dolls and accessories I preferred but also which me-sized American Girl-style clothing options I would hopefully someday wear with false-modest pride. Who doesnt want colonial frock or a shirt whose collar suffocates me with its early 1900s high buttonedness? These things are relatively irresistible. Well, to girls in the target 8-12 demographic, that is.



This effort-laden catalog scouring turned out to be for naught, but it did teach me a valuable lesson about coveting and consumerism. That is, that I really, really like it. Thank you, American Girl. Youve served me well in my path to shopping addiction.

The spark of the American Girl concept was born in the mid-80s when creator Pleasant Rowland visited colonial Williamsburg, enjoying the impact of the fully immersive experience. Later, when shopping for gifts for her tween-aged nieces, Rowland realized that the range of dolls available to preteens was highly limited. The focus of these dolls, she observed, seemed to be on either mothering (baby dolls) or aspiring to teenagehood (Barbie-type fashion dolls). No dolls were specifically geared toward the interests of then generally underserved preteen demographic.

Initially launching the line as a mail-order enterprise, Rowland created the fledgling American Girl franchise in 1986. American Girl originally featured three historical girls: Kirsten Larson, Samantha Parkington, and Molly McIntre. Each doll came with three books about her life in her respective historical setting and optional clothing and accessories based on the character. American Girl was born.

American Girl quickly grew into a veritable operation, releasing birthday books, seasonal books, and my personal favorite in 1988: life-size matching clothing for the doll owner. The line veered into some alternate territories, but for the most part its focus was on the historically relevant doll line with its corresponding books. The original characters released in 1986 were:

Kirsten Larson (1850s)Kirsten is a Swedish American living in Minnesota in the mid 19th-century. Kirsten is a kind, sensitive girl open to new experiences in her new country. She was an avid sewer and had an adventurous spirit. Plus, she wore her hair in an awesome braid/Princess Leia Cinna-bun hybrid. I liked the idea that she was Minnesotan like me, but I could never seem to get my hair to stay in those braid loops like hers.


Samantha Parkington (1900s)

Samantha Parkington is a turn-of-the-century orphan living with her rich Grandmary. Yep, Grandymary. I guess thats Edwardian rich-speak for Grandmother. Samantha is curious and progressive, excited in new prospects and ideas. She taught me that you can be both rich and kind. Plus that its totally awesome to have a slew of servants at your disposal. I dont think that was the point, of course, but I definitely picked up on it.

Molly McIntire (1940s)
Until the line expanded into more ethnically diverse characters, Molly is the original lines token "girl with the glasses." Molly is lively and scheming, with a father abroad fighting in World War II. She has a taste for glamour and excitement and has vivid imagination.

The line quickly expanded to include more characters based in different historical periods. In 1991:

Felicity Merriman (1770s)

Its surprising Felicity wasnt in the original release group, considering creator Pleasant Rowlands claim that a visit to colonial Williamsburg inspired the series. Felicity is coming of age during the Revolutionary War. She is highly independent and spunky and rejects many of the feminine ideals assigned to her my her time period.

In 1993:
Addy Walker (1860s)
The series first African American character, Addys books explore more complex societal issues, depicting her life as an escaped slave. Addy doesnt believe slavery is fair and is a proponent of racial equality, finding the North to be similarly prejudiced to the South from which she escaped.

In 1997:
Josefina Montoya (1820s)
Josefina is a girl growing up in New Mexico before the Mexican-American war, when the period was still under Mexican control. Her books integrate some Spanish terms and examine Josefinas life following the death of her mother. She is shy, thoughtful, and caring. Plus, we get to pronounce her name "HO-se-fina", which is totally awesome.

In the 2000s, the company later added post-white settlement Native American Kayaatonmy,first-generation American Russian Jewish Rebecca Rubin, spunky tomboy Kit Kittredge, and civil-rights minded Julie Albright. The diversity of character and ethnic background grew significantly over the years since the original 1986 release, but the general guiding principles remain the same.

The books had their flaws, but they fulfilled Rowlands original vision of interesting young girls in history and lives unlike their own. Rowland introduced girls to disparate historical periods through the lens of girls who were their own age, with similar hopes and ideals. It was an innovative idea, and kids bought into it with great fervency. Bought into it so much, of course, that they begged their parents for books, dolls, magazine subscriptions, costumes, accessories, and everything else that turned this educational premise into a lucrative financial enterprise. It may have worked too well on me; Im still putting that Samantha doll on my birthday list. Its worth a try. If youre interested in fulfilling my decades-long dream, dont forget to throw in the wire-frame bed too.

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